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{{Infobox Former Subdivision|conventional_long_name = Southern Ireland|common_name = Ireland|continent = Europe|region = British Isles|country = Ireland|subdivision = Devolution region|nation = the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|year_start = 1922|year_end = 1922|date_start = January|date_end = December 6|event_start = Government of Ireland Act 1920|event_end = Anglo-Irish Treaty([French language)"God and my right"|national_anthem =
God Save the Queen|image_map = LocationIreland.png|image_map_caption = Southern Ireland|capital =
Dublin, [Irish language|government_type = Constitutional monarchy|title_leader = List of monarchs in the British Isles|leader1 = George V of the United Kingdom|title_deputy =
Chairman of the Provisional Government of Southern Ireland|deputy1 =
Michael Collins (Irish leader)|year_deputy1 = First|deputy2 = W.T. Cosgrave|year_deputy2 = Last|currency = Pound sterling|legislature = Parliament of Southern Ireland|house1 = Senate of Southern Ireland|house2 =
House of Commons of Southern Ireland|footnotes = 1. There was also a Council of Ireland to coordinate between the parliamentary governments of Southern and Northern Ireland.-->
Southern Ireland was the twenty-six county
Ireland state envisaged by the
Government of Ireland Act 1920. It had a legislature, the Parliament of Southern Ireland. This Act formally and controversially partitioned the island of Ireland in two, Northern Ireland (covering approximately fifteen percent of the island, in the northeast) and Southern Ireland (covering the remaining territory to the south and west). Both were given bicameral parliaments and separate executives. Two links joining both states were provided for; a single
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the representative of the King, was to be the source of executive authority in both states, while a Council of Ireland was provided for, with promises to the
Irish nationalism side that it would become an embryonic all-Ireland Parliament. The proposed state never achieved
de facto existence: the first attempted sitting of its Parliament was short of a quorum and its second sitting served only to confirm the earlier decision of
Dáil Éireann by ratifying the
Anglo-Irish Treaty for the purposes of United Kingdom constitutional law, then dissolved itself.
Home Rule
The Government of Ireland Act, also known as the
Fourth Home Rule Act was intended to provide a solution to the problem that had bedevilled Irish politics since the 1880s, namely the conflicting demands of Irish Unionism in Irelands and
Irish nationalisms. Nationalists wanted a form of Devolution, believing that Ireland was poorly served by the
Her Majesty's Government in Westminster and its Irish executive in
Dublin Castle. Unionists feared that a nationalist government in Dublin would discriminate against Protestantisms and would impose tariffs that would unduly hit the northeastern counties of Ireland, which were not only predominantly Protestant but also the only industrial area on an island whose economy was largely
agriculture. Extremist unionists imported arms from German Empire and established the Ulster Volunteer Force (1912) to prevent Home Rule in Ulster. In response to this, nationalists also imported arms and set up the
Irish Volunteers.
Partition of Ireland, which was introduced in the Government of Ireland Act, was intended as a temporary solution to the problem, allowing Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland to be separately governed as regions of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Ironically, one of those most opposed to this partition settlement was the leader of Irish unionism, Dublin-born
Edward Carson, Baron Carson, who felt that it was wrong to divide Ireland in two. He felt this would badly affect the position of southern and western unionists.
1921 General Election
In reality, however, while Northern Ireland did become a functioning entity, with a parliament and executive that existed until it was prorogued in 1972, Southern Ireland never became a functioning reality. An
Irish Republic had been proclaimed by the extra-legal parliament known as
Dáil Éireann, formed by Sinn Féin MPs elected from Ireland in the United Kingdom Irish (UK) general election, 1918 in 1918. The first general election to the
House of Commons of Southern Ireland in 1921 was used by Sinn Féin to produce a new Dáil, the Second Dáil. Sinn Féin won 124 of the 128 seats, all without a contest. (Four were won by Dublin unionists.) When the new Parliament of Southern Ireland was called into session in June 1921, only the 4 unionist members of the House of Commons of Southern Ireland, and a handful of appointed senators, turned up in the Government Buildings in Dublin, where the meeting was scheduled to take place. As a result, Southern Ireland never formally came into being.
Anglo-Irish Treaty
It did however play one technical role in January 1922. According to British constitutional theory, Dáil Éireann had no legal or constitutional existence. The valid Irish parliament remained the House of Commons of Southern Ireland, created by the
King-in-Parliament. But according to Irish Republicanism, the Dáil was the legitimate parliament of the Irish Republic. As a result the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by representatives of the British and Irish Republican governments in 1921, was submitted to
both assemblies, even though they actually consisted of the same membership (bar the four unionist members of the House of Commons of Southern Ireland who refused to sit in Dáil Éireann). In December 1921, the Dáil narrowly ratified the Anglo-Irish Treaty, giving it validity in the eyes of the majority of Sinn Féin MPs (or
Teachta Dála as they became known, from the Irish language
Teachta Dála) and of the electorate of Ireland. (The
President of the Irish Republic, Éamon de Valera, resigned in protest). In January 1922, the House of Commons of Southern Ireland formally met to ratify the Anglo-Irish Treaty, giving it validity in British legal theory. Anti-treaty TDs stayed away from the meeting of the House of Commons of Southern Ireland, meaning that its passage was a formality.
Birth of The Irish Free State
Both parliaments then produced the same interim administrations. Michael Collins (Irish leader) became Chairman of the Provisional Government; his installation symbolised the differing political procedures being followed. According to British constitutional theory, he met the Lord Lieutenant, Edmund Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Viscount Fitzalan of Derwent, to be formally installed as the Crown's prime minister; from the Irish viewpoint, Collins met Fitzalan to accept the surrender of Dublin Castle.
Arthur Griffith became
President of Dáil Éireann (reverting to the earlier title, in preference to de Valera's loftier President of the Republic. Both Dáil Éireann and the House of Commons of Southern Ireland were then replaced in a shared new election, which produced a body variously described as the '
Third Dáil', the 'Provisional Parliament' or the 'Constituent Assembly'. With the assassination of Collins and the death a week earlier of Griffith, both in August 1922, their offices came to be held by one man, W.T. Cosgrave, who in effect merged both systems of government into one interim system, pending the coming into force of the
Constitution of the Irish Free State of the Irish Free State in December 1922. The scale of the constitutional complexity was shown when Dáil Éireann, which was still technically the parliament of the Irish Republic, accepted a message sent by the Lord Lieutenant, the King's representative. By the end of 1922, almost everybody was confused as to the precise status of the parliament meeting in Leinster House, and as to whether it was the parliament of the Irish Republic or the parliament of Southern Ireland, both simultaneously, or either at different times.
In summary, in strict British legal terms, the state of Southern Ireland was the entity created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 which was meant like its sister creation, Northern Ireland, to have responsibility for the governance of Ireland from 1921 on. However in reality, it was only a state on paper. It was overshadowed by the Irish Republic, which existed from 1919 to 1922 and which had popular support, and the new Irish Free State which in both Irish and British constitutional theory replaced both the Irish Republic and Southern Ireland in December 1922.
Footnotes
Southern Ireland is sometimes erroneously used as a name for the Republic of Ireland or the earlier Irish Free State. However, officially the term has been obsolete since 1922.
{{Infobox Former Subdivision|conventional_long_name = Southern Ireland|common_name = Ireland|continent = Europe|region = British Isles|country = Ireland|subdivision =
Devolution region|nation = the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|year_start = 1922|year_end = 1922|date_start = January|date_end = December 6|event_start =
Government of Ireland Act 1920|event_end = Anglo-Irish Treaty([French language)"God and my right"|national_anthem =
God Save the Queen|image_map = LocationIreland.png|image_map_caption = Southern Ireland|capital =
Dublin, [Irish language|government_type = Constitutional monarchy|title_leader = List of monarchs in the British Isles|leader1 = George V of the United Kingdom|title_deputy = Chairman of the Provisional Government of Southern Ireland|deputy1 = Michael Collins (Irish leader)|year_deputy1 = First|deputy2 = W.T. Cosgrave|year_deputy2 = Last|currency = Pound sterling|legislature = Parliament of Southern Ireland|house1 = Senate of Southern Ireland|house2 = House of Commons of Southern Ireland|footnotes = 1. There was also a Council of Ireland to coordinate between the parliamentary governments of Southern and Northern Ireland.-->
Southern Ireland was the twenty-six county Ireland state envisaged by the
Government of Ireland Act 1920. It had a legislature, the
Parliament of Southern Ireland. This Act formally and controversially partitioned the island of Ireland in two,
Northern Ireland (covering approximately fifteen percent of the island, in the northeast) and Southern Ireland (covering the remaining territory to the south and west). Both were given bicameral parliaments and separate executives. Two links joining both states were provided for; a single Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the representative of the King, was to be the source of executive authority in both states, while a Council of Ireland was provided for, with promises to the Irish nationalism side that it would become an embryonic all-Ireland Parliament. The proposed state never achieved
de facto existence: the first attempted sitting of its Parliament was short of a quorum and its second sitting served only to confirm the earlier decision of
Dáil Éireann by ratifying the
Anglo-Irish Treaty for the purposes of United Kingdom constitutional law, then dissolved itself.
Home Rule
The Government of Ireland Act, also known as the
Fourth Home Rule Act was intended to provide a solution to the problem that had bedevilled Irish politics since the 1880s, namely the conflicting demands of Irish
Unionism in Irelands and Irish nationalisms. Nationalists wanted a form of
Devolution, believing that Ireland was poorly served by the
Her Majesty's Government in Westminster and its Irish executive in
Dublin Castle. Unionists feared that a nationalist government in Dublin would discriminate against Protestantisms and would impose tariffs that would unduly hit the northeastern counties of Ireland, which were not only predominantly Protestant but also the only industrial area on an island whose economy was largely agriculture. Extremist unionists imported arms from German Empire and established the Ulster Volunteer Force (1912) to prevent Home Rule in Ulster. In response to this, nationalists also imported arms and set up the
Irish Volunteers.
Partition of Ireland, which was introduced in the Government of Ireland Act, was intended as a temporary solution to the problem, allowing Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland to be separately governed as regions of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Ironically, one of those most opposed to this partition settlement was the leader of Irish unionism, Dublin-born
Edward Carson, Baron Carson, who felt that it was wrong to divide Ireland in two. He felt this would badly affect the position of southern and western unionists.
1921 General Election
In reality, however, while Northern Ireland did become a functioning entity, with a parliament and executive that existed until it was prorogued in 1972, Southern Ireland never became a functioning reality. An Irish Republic had been proclaimed by the extra-legal parliament known as Dáil Éireann, formed by Sinn Féin MPs elected from Ireland in the United Kingdom Irish (UK) general election, 1918 in 1918. The first general election to the House of Commons of Southern Ireland in 1921 was used by Sinn Féin to produce a new Dáil, the
Second Dáil. Sinn Féin won 124 of the 128 seats, all without a contest. (Four were won by
Dublin unionists.) When the new Parliament of Southern Ireland was called into session in June 1921, only the 4 unionist members of the House of Commons of Southern Ireland, and a handful of appointed senators, turned up in the Government Buildings in Dublin, where the meeting was scheduled to take place. As a result, Southern Ireland never formally came into being.
Anglo-Irish Treaty
It did however play one technical role in January 1922. According to British constitutional theory, Dáil Éireann had no legal or constitutional existence. The valid Irish parliament remained the House of Commons of Southern Ireland, created by the King-in-Parliament. But according to
Irish Republicanism, the Dáil was the legitimate parliament of the Irish Republic. As a result the
Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by representatives of the British and Irish Republican governments in 1921, was submitted to
both assemblies, even though they actually consisted of the same membership (bar the four unionist members of the House of Commons of Southern Ireland who refused to sit in Dáil Éireann). In December 1921, the Dáil narrowly ratified the Anglo-Irish Treaty, giving it validity in the eyes of the majority of Sinn Féin MPs (or Teachta Dála as they became known, from the Irish language
Teachta Dála) and of the electorate of Ireland. (The
President of the Irish Republic,
Éamon de Valera, resigned in protest). In January 1922, the House of Commons of Southern Ireland formally met to ratify the Anglo-Irish Treaty, giving it validity in British legal theory. Anti-treaty TDs stayed away from the meeting of the House of Commons of Southern Ireland, meaning that its passage was a formality.
Birth of The Irish Free State
Both parliaments then produced the same interim administrations.
Michael Collins (Irish leader) became Chairman of the Provisional Government; his installation symbolised the differing political procedures being followed. According to British constitutional theory, he met the Lord Lieutenant,
Edmund Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Viscount Fitzalan of Derwent, to be formally installed as the Crown's prime minister; from the Irish viewpoint, Collins met Fitzalan to accept the surrender of Dublin Castle.
Arthur Griffith became President of Dáil Éireann (reverting to the earlier title, in preference to de Valera's loftier President of the Republic. Both Dáil Éireann and the House of Commons of Southern Ireland were then replaced in a shared new election, which produced a body variously described as the '
Third Dáil', the 'Provisional Parliament' or the 'Constituent Assembly'. With the assassination of Collins and the death a week earlier of Griffith, both in August 1922, their offices came to be held by one man,
W.T. Cosgrave, who in effect merged both systems of government into one interim system, pending the coming into force of the Constitution of the Irish Free State of the Irish Free State in December 1922. The scale of the constitutional complexity was shown when Dáil Éireann, which was still technically the parliament of the Irish Republic, accepted a message sent by the Lord Lieutenant, the King's representative. By the end of 1922, almost everybody was confused as to the precise status of the parliament meeting in Leinster House, and as to whether it was the parliament of the Irish Republic or the parliament of Southern Ireland, both simultaneously, or either at different times.
In summary, in strict British legal terms, the state of Southern Ireland was the entity created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 which was meant like its sister creation, Northern Ireland, to have responsibility for the governance of Ireland from 1921 on. However in reality, it was only a state on paper. It was overshadowed by the Irish Republic, which existed from 1919 to 1922 and which had popular support, and the new Irish Free State which in both Irish and British constitutional theory replaced both the Irish Republic and Southern Ireland in December 1922.
Footnotes
Southern Ireland is sometimes erroneously used as a name for the Republic of Ireland or the earlier Irish Free State. However, officially the term has been obsolete since 1922.
Southern Ireland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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HOLIDAY COTTAGE - 3 bedrooms, sleeps 4, in Ballyfinane in Mid Kerry, everything supplied, reasonable rates, pub close by.
